Iraq Economic Outlook
An oil-dependent economy with structural weaknesses:
Iraq’s economy is heavily reliant on oil, which accounts for over 90% of government revenue. While high global oil prices provide short-term fiscal relief, the country remains vulnerable to commodity price fluctuations. Despite vast energy wealth, Iraq struggles with economic diversification, infrastructure deficiencies, and political instability, which limit growth potential.
Weak governance and investment climate:Iraq faces significant governance challenges, including corruption, inefficient bureaucracy, and political instability. Foreign direct investment remains low due to security risks and regulatory uncertainties. Efforts to rebuild war-torn infrastructure and improve business conditions have been slow, hampering private sector development and job creation.
Unemployment and social tensions:High unemployment, particularly among young Iraqis, remains a major economic and social issue. Despite strong oil revenues, public sector employment dominates, limiting private sector expansion. Periodic protests highlight frustration over poor public services, economic mismanagement, and lack of opportunities, underscoring the need for urgent reforms.
Iraq’s economic outlook:Iraq’s economic performance will remain tied to oil prices and production levels for the foreseeable future. Long-term stability and growth require investment in non-oil sectors, infrastructure development, and governance reforms. With the right policies, Iraq has the potential to leverage its energy resources to drive broader economic development, but persistent political and security risks remain key obstacles.
Iraq's Macroeconomic Analysis:
Nominal GDP of USD 243 billion in 2023.
GDP per capita of USD 6,248 compared to the global average of USD 10,589.
Average real GDP growth of 1.9% over the last decade.
Sector Analysis
In 2022, services accounted for 42.3% of overall GDP, manufacturing 3.6%, other industrial activity 51.3%, and agriculture 2.8%. Looking at GDP by expenditure, private consumption accounted for 40.3% of GDP in 2021, government consumption 17.7%, fixed investment 21.4%, and net exports 20.6%.International trade
In 2013, manufactured products made up 0.0% of total merchandise exports, mineral fuels 100.0%, food 0.0%, ores and metals 0.0% and agricultural raw materials 0.0%, with other categories accounting for 0.0% of the total. In the same period, manufactured products made up 66.3% of total merchandise imports, mineral fuels 22.9%, food 7.2%, ores and metals 3.4% and agricultural raw materials 0.1%, with other goods accounting for 0.1% of the total. Total exports were worth USD 99.10 billion in 2023, while total imports were USD 56 billion.Main Economic Indicators
Economic growthThe economy recorded average annual growth of 2.4% in the decade to 2023. To read more about GDP growth in Iraq, go to our dedicated page.
Fiscal policy
Iraq's fiscal deficit averaged 3.5% of GDP in the decade to 2023. Find out more on our dedicated page.
Unemployment
The unemployment rate averaged 13.2% in the decade to 2023. For more information on Iraq's unemployment click here.
Inflation
Inflation averaged 1.9% in the decade to 2023. Go to our Iraq inflation page for extra insight.
Monetary Policy
Iraq's monetary policy rate ended 2024 at 5.50%, down from 6.00% a decade earlier. See our Iraq monetary policy page for additional details.
Exchange Rate
From end-2014 to end-2024 the dinar weakened by 8.8% vs the U.S. dollar. For more info on the dinar, click here.
Economic situation in Iraq
The economy performed far worse than the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) as a whole in 2025. Iraq’s oil output fell 4.0% in the year—the steepest decline since 2020—as Baghdad adhered more strictly to its OPEC+ production ceiling; this contrasted rebounding oil output in neighboring economies. Meanwhile, the non-oil sector appeared constrained by multiple factors, including elevated borrowing costs and joblessness; soft crude prices and output restraining government spending; intensified regional frictions following June’s Israel-Iran clash; and uncertainty surrounding November’s general elections. The elections resulted in a typically fragmented parliament, with incumbent Prime Minister al-Sudani recently withdrawing his second-term bid in favor of former Prime Minister Nouri al-Maliki. The U.S. has threatened to withdraw support for Iraq if al-Maliki wins power again.Iraq Economic Forecasts
Projections out to 2035.43 indicators covered including both annual and quarterly frequencies.
Consensus Forecasts based on a panel of 14 expert analysts.
Want to get insight on the economic outlook for Iraq in the coming years? FocusEconomics collects projections out to 2035 on 43 economic indicators for Iraq from a panel of 14 analysts at the leading national, regional and global forecast institutions. These projections are then validated by our in-house team of economists and data analysts, and averaged to provide one Consensus Forecast you can rely on for each indicator. This means you avoid the risk of relying on out of date, biased or outlier forecasts. Our Consensus Forecasts can be visualized in whichever way best suits your needs, including via interactive online dashboards , direct data delivery and executive-style reports which combine analysts' projections with timely written analysis from our in-house team of economists on the latest developments in the Iraq economy. To download a sample report on the Iraq's economy, click here. To get in touch with our team for more information, fill in the form at the bottom of this page.
Iraq Economic Indicators
| 2020 | 2021 | 2022 | 2023 | 2024 | 2025 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Population (million) | 40.2 | 41.2 | 42.2 | 43.3 | 44.4 | 45.5 |
| GDP (USD bn) | 180 | 208 | 285 | 261 | 278 | 275 |
| GDP per Capita (USD) | 4,490 | 5,057 | 6,757 | 6,016 | 6,248 | 6,040 |
| GDP (IQD bn) | 215,662 | 304,053 | 416,690 | 353,780 | 363,534 | 358,702 |
| Economic Growth (Nominal GDP, ann. var. %) | -21.9 | 41.0 | 37.0 | -15.1 | 2.8 | -1.3 |
| Economic Growth (Real GDP, ann. var. %) | -12.0 | 1.5 | 8.0 | 0.5 | -1.5 | 1.0 |
| Oil Production (mn barrels per day, aop) | 4.05 | 4.02 | 4.44 | 4.28 | 4.18 | 4.01 |
| Unemployment (% of active population, aop) | 15.8 | 16.2 | 15.5 | 15.4 | 15.5 | 14.6 |
| Fiscal Balance (% of GDP) | -12.8 | -0.4 | 8.1 | -1.1 | -4.1 | -7.1 |
| Public Debt (% of GDP) | 72.5 | 54.7 | 39.0 | 42.1 | 46.5 | 53.9 |
| Money (ann. var. of M2 %) | 15.9 | 16.7 | 20.3 | 7.5 | -3.8 | 5.1 |
| Inflation (CPI, ann. var. %, aop) | 0.6 | 6.0 | 5.0 | 4.4 | 2.6 | 1.6 |
| CBI Policy Rate (%, eop) | 4.00 | 4.00 | 4.00 | 7.50 | 5.50 | 5.17 |
| Exchange Rate (IQD per USD, eop) | 1,461 | 1,460 | 1,460 | 1,309 | 1,309 | 1,300 |
| Exchange Rate (IQD per USD, aop) | 1,196 | 1,460 | 1,460 | 1,357 | 1,310 | 1,305 |
| Current Account Balance (USD bn) | -6.3 | 24.6 | 58.0 | 28.4 | 8.4 | 2.8 |
| Current Account Balance (% of GDP) | -3.5 | 11.8 | 20.3 | 10.9 | 3.0 | 1.0 |
| Merchandise Trade Balance (USD bn) | 5.8 | 38.4 | 71.1 | 43.2 | 26.7 | 21.4 |
| Merchandise Exports (USD bn) | 46.9 | 73.1 | 118.0 | 99.1 | 101.0 | 90.7 |
| Merchandise Imports (USD bn) | 41.0 | 34.7 | 46.9 | 56.0 | 74.3 | 69.3 |
| Merchandise Exports (ann. var. %) | -42.6 | 56.0 | 61.5 | -16.0 | 1.9 | -10.2 |
| Merchandise Imports (ann. var. %) | -16.9 | -15.4 | 35.1 | 19.3 | 32.8 | -6.8 |
| Foreign Direct Investment (USD bn) | -2.9 | -2.6 | -2.1 | -5.4 | -7.5 | - |
| International Reserves (USD bn) | 48.6 | 58.6 | 89.4 | 102.8 | 87.0 | 79.1 |
| International Reserves (months of imports) | 14.2 | 20.2 | 22.9 | 22.0 | 14.1 | 13.7 |